Family studies find individuals who have schizophrenia and determine whether their biological relatives are similarly affected more often than non-biological relatives. In other words the illness only manifesters itself under appropriate environmental conditions, genetics was not enough on its own. Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community. In order to diagnose Schizophrenia the Mental Health Profession developed the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) still used today as a method of classifying mental disorders (particularly in the USA). The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it has practical applications. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. There are serious ethical concerns in blaming the family, particularly as there is little evidence upon which to base this. For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. Strategies are practised within a session and the client is helped through any problems in applying it. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . Atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. VAT reg no 816865400. For example, trying to persuade an individual that the government is not watching or monitoring them in any way may interfere with their (possibly justifiable) fear of an over-controlling government. Kazdin et al. This weakens the interactionist explanation. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. Her psychiatrist wants to change her medication from typical antipsychotics to one of the atypical antipsychotics and has also suggested cognitive behavioural therapy", What do the data in Table 1 seem to show about the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. Pills are not as helpful with other symptoms, especially emotional problems. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. Company Reg no: 04489574. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. One criticism of the dopamine hypothesis is there is a problem with the chicken and egg. Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial trait as it is the result of multiple genes and environmental factors. Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! However, one explanation for this is mutation in parental DNA. Book now . Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. Ethical issues Antipsychotics have been used in hospitals to calm patients and make them easier for staff to work with rather than for the patients benefit Can lead to the abuse of the Human Rights Act (no one should be subject to degrading treatment). Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change RWA Offering drugs can lead to an enhanced quality of life as patients are given independence Positive impact on the economy as patients can return to work and no longer need to be provided with institutional care. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. How could the researchers modify their study to deal with this problem? Schizophrenia | Psychology | tutor2u A second weakness of the neuroanatomical explanations is that it is biologically deterministic. with reference to co-morbidity, Fox (1990): It is more likely that factors associated with living in poorer conditions (e.g. (Total 16 marks) Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. Their get up and go has got up and gone! Make sure you know which is which, for example do you understand the difference between genetic explanation and neural correlates explanation, and do you have a model essay for each? This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. (2003) meta analysis found family interventions help the patient to understand their illness and to live with it, developing emotional strength and coping skills, thus reducing rates of relapse. Therefore, the evidence supporting token economies is very weak. A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. Evaluation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia - Stuvia Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. For example, it suggests that schizophrenic behavior is the cause of environmental factors such as cognitive factors. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. In more extreme cases the patient might be unable to cope with the pressures of having to discuss their ideas and feelings and could become stressed by the therapy, or over-fixated with the details of their illness. Schizophrenogenic Mother | SpringerLink Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. This can lead to problems with reliability of diagnosis as one doctor might diagnose the person as having schizophrenia while another might diagnose bipolar disorder. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. Since the mid-1950s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment. Paul and Lentz (1977) Token economy led to better overall patient functioning and less behavioral disturbance, More cost-effective (lower hospital costs). Communication skills training teach family to listen, to express emotions and to discuss things. The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. Psychologists use the DSM and ICD to diagnose a patient with schizophrenia. stress) may trigger the onset of schizophrenia, rather than individuals with schizophrenia moving down in social status. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. (2006) CBT is highly effective and should be used as a mainstream treatment for schizophrenia wherever possible. This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. Tarrier (1987) used detailed interview techniques, and found that people with schizophrenia can often identify triggers to the onset of their psychotic symptoms, and then develop their own methods of coping with the distress caused. People with schizophrenia have abnormally large ventricles in the brain . 2. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. schizophrenia psychology aqa question help - The Student Room The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. A final weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that it is biologically reductionist. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them.
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